The Return of the World Spirit of Buddhism and the Transformation of the Functions of Buddha Caves: Basic Features of Buddhism in Dunhuang during the Gui-yi-jun Period

Ming CHEN, Zhi-ling ZHAO

Abstract


The Buddhism in Dunhuang during the reign of Guiyijun Regime became socialized and secularized in a very short time due to the support of the ruling class. The trend of secularization can be manifested in such aspects as pragmatism explanations of Buddhist doctrines, prevalence of false sutras, divided associations and changes of patron images. However, the appearance of Dunhuang Processions provides a plausible explanation for the secularization—the return of human spirit to Buddhism.
Firstly, the secularization of Buddhism coincides with its indigenization and naturalization after it was introduced to China. But the peculiar social and cultural background during Guiyijun period results in the more pragmatic feature of the Buddhism in Dunhuang than that of in Central China. Secondly, if the processions during the reign of Guiyijun Regime represent the ruling party’s attitude to Buddhism, the bogus sutras during the reign of Cao’s Guiyijun Regime of Five Dynasties show the change of the public’s attitudes towards Buddhism. Thirdly, from the changes of Patrons images and the appearance of Dunhuang Guiyijun Processions in Buddhist grottoes, we can see that the fundamental cause for the secularization of Dunhuang Buddhism is the return of human spirit.
Key words: Buddhism, Dunhuang, Guiyijun, Human spirit, Secularization
Résumé: Pendant la période de Guiyijun (de 848 à 1002 de l’ère chrétienne), le Bouddhisme de Dunhuang a connu une tendance de socialisation et de séculariation rapide, grâce au soutien venant de la classe supérieure. La sécularisation de Bouddhisme s’est produite dans plusieurs domaines, représentée par la perception pragmatique du dogme bouddhique, la popularisation d’un grand nombre des apocryphes, la coexistence des doctrines différentes et la transformation des images des consacrants. L’apparition du tableau Procession nous a montré les causes profondes de cette sécularisation – le retour de l’esprit humain et une progressive sécularisation de cet esprit.
D’abord, la sécularisation du Bouddhisme de Dunhuang s’accorde avec la tendance de nationalisation du Bouddhisme après son introduction en Chine, pourtant l’environnement politique et culturel spécial de l’époque de Guiyijun lui a donné des caractéristiques pragmatiques, ce qui est différent du Bouddhisme des Plaines centrales. Ensuite, si le tableau Procession peut refltéter le changement d’attitude de la classe supérieure de Guiyijun sous le règne des Zhang, la popularisation des apocryphes sous le règne des Cao peut également refléter le changement du point de vue du grand peuple vis à vis de Bouddhisme. Puis, la transformation des images des consacrants et l’apparition du tableau Procession dans les grottes bouddhiques montrent que le retour de l’esprit humain est la cause fondamentale de la sécularisation du Bouddhisme de Dunhuang pendant la période Guiyijun.
Mots-clés: Bouddhisme, Dunhuang, Guiyijun, esprit humain, sécularisation
摘要:敦煌歸義軍時期( 848A.D-1002A.D),由於統治者上層的支持和推崇,歸義軍時期的敦煌佛教呈現出迅速社會化和世俗化的趨勢。佛教的世俗化過程表現在佛教教義的實用主義理解、大量疑偽經的流行、部派共存不尊一家及供養人形象的變化等各個方面,而敦煌出行圖的出現則更能說明佛教世俗化的深層原因 ——佛教人間精神的回歸及逐步世俗化。
首先,敦煌佛教的世俗化是與佛教傳入中國後的本土化、民族化趨勢相一致的,但歸義軍時期特殊的政治文化環境造就了敦煌佛教與中原佛教明顯不同的實用主義特徵。其次,如果說張氏歸義軍時期出行圖的出現反映了歸義軍上層對佛教的態度已發生了變化,那麼,五代曹氏歸義軍時期大量疑偽經的流行則反映了佛教在包括佛眾在內的大眾心目中的變化。再次,從供養人形象的變化到敦煌出行圖在佛窟中的出現,反映了歸義軍時期敦煌佛教世俗化的昀根本原因是佛 教人間精神的回歸。
關鍵詞:佛教;敦煌;歸義軍;人間精神;世俗化

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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3968/j.ccc.1923670020080402.003

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