Cross-Cultural Communication
Rank Ordering of Questionnaire Items Using Wilks’ Statistics: An Example of Application to Three Populations
Abstract
Wilks’ test (1938) constitutes a major contribution to statistics and in practical applications. It is admittedly a classical method but even so it is of real interest because it is highly convenient to use. We hope to illustrate this in the following article by means of a study in the field of traffic psychology. In this demonstration, we start from a “characterization questionnaire” filled in by three populations of drivers and we test the population effect working from categorical data and 3-way tables. The differentiating power of the items is then examined and ranked in decreasing value. Through this example, we thus show the scope of Wilks’statistics and their highly general import with qualitative or category-specific data, compared with other techniques.
Keywords
Full Text:
Full Text (PDF)References
Aczél, J. (1966). Lectures on functional equations and their applications. New York/London: Academic Press.
Agresti, A. (1990). An introduction to categorical data analysis. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Agresti, A., & Gottard, A. (2005). Independence in multi-way contingency tables: S N Roy’s breakthroughs and later developments. Working Paper 2005/08. Università Degli Studi di Firenze.
Birch, M. W. (1963). Maximum likelihood in three-way contigency tables. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Serie B, 25(1), 220-233.
Borowsky, A., Shinar, D., & Oron-Gilad, T. (2010). Age, skill, and hazard perception in driving. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 42, 1240-1249.
Boucher, V., & Gaymard, S. (2009). Visibilité psycho-physique des piétons dans l’environnement routier (p.118). Rapport Final du Projet Vipper.
Carroll, J., & Arabie, P. (1980). Multidimensional scaling, Annual review of Psychology, 31, 607-649.
Chong, S., Poulos, R., Olivier, J., Watson, W. L., & Grzebieta, R. (2010). Relative injury severity among vulnerable non-motorised road users: Comparative analysis of injury arising from bicycle–motor vehicle and bicycle–pedestrian collisions. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 42, 290-296.
Cox, D. R., & Hinckley, D. V. (1974). Theoretical statistics. London: Chapman & Hall.
Crundall, D., Underwood, G., & Chapman, P. (1999). Driving experience and the functional field of view. Perception, 28, 1075-1087.
Damsere-Derry, J., Ebel, B. E., Mock, C.N., Afukaar, F., & Donkor, P. (2010). Pedestrians’ injury patterns in Ghana. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 42, 1080-1088.
David, H. A., & Morrison, D. F. (2006). Samuel Stanley Wilks. The American Statistician, 60(1), 46-49.
Doise, W., Clemence, A., & Lorenzi-Cioldi, F. (1992). Représentations sociales et analyses de données. Grenoble: Presses Universitaires de Grenoble.
Evans, T., & Macdonald, W. (2002). Novice driver situation awareness and hazard perception. Retrieved from http://www.rsconference.com/pdf/rs020031.PDF?check=1
Flament, C. (1962). L’analyse de similitude. Cahiers du Centre de Recherche Opérationnelle, 4, 63-97.
Flament, C. (1976). L’analyse booléenne de questionnaire. Paris, la Haye: Mouton.
Garay-Vega, L., Fisher, D. L., & Pollatsek, A. (2007). Hazard anticipation of novice and experienced drivers: Empirical evaluation on a driving simulator in daytime and night time conditions. Transportation Research Record, 2009, 1-7.
Gaymard, S. (2003). La négociation interculturelle chez les filles franco-maghrébines: Une étude de représentation sociale. Paris: L’Harmattan.
Gaymard, S. (2007). La représentation de la conduite chez des jeunes conducteurs: Une étude de la conditionnalité routière. Recherche Transports Sécurité, 97, 339-359. doi: 10.3166/rts.97.339-359
Gaymard, S. (2012). Pedestrian representation through the analysis of little stories. Psychology of Language and Communication, 16(3), 185-200. doi: 10.2478/v10057-012-0013-9
Gaymard, S., Andrés, S., & Nzobounsana, V. (2011). La representación social y las emociones de los conductores Franceses y Españoles acerca de los peatones [Social representation and emotions in French and Spanish drivers toward pedestrians]. In F. Expósito, M. C. Herrera, G. Buela-Casal, M. Novo, & F. Fariña (Eds.), Psicología jurídica. Áreas de investigación (pp.435-442). Santiago de Compostela, Spain: Consellería de Presidencia, Xustiza e Administracións Públicas.
Gaymard, S., Boucher, V., Greffier, F., & Fournela, F. (2012). La perception du piéton par le conducteur: Aspects représentationnels et visuels. In S. Gaymard & A. Egido (Dir.), Sécurité et facteurs humains dans les moyens de transports: Une approche multidisciplinaire (pp.237-252). Paris: L’Harmattan.
Gaymard, S., Boucher, V., Nzobounsana, V., Greffier, F., & Fournela, F. (2013). La perception des piétons par les conducteurs: Corrélations entre les données d’un œil électronique et le verbatim des conducteurs [Drivers’ perception of pedestrians: Correlations between the data of an electronic eye and drivers’verbatim]. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue Canadienne des Sciences du Comportement, 45(2), 124-137. doi: 10.1037/a0025789
Gaymard, S., & Tiplica, T. (2014). Conditional respect towards the pedestrian: Differences between men and women and risk modeling by the Bayesian approach. Quality & Quantity, 48(1), 91-110.
Gaymard, S., & Tiplica, T. (2015). Conditionality and risk for the pedestrian: Modelling with the Bayesian Networks. International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion, 22(4), 340-351.
Gaymard, S., Tiplica, T., Koh, P. P., & Wong, Y. D. (2016). Social thinking and risk between road users: The case of the pedestrian in two cultural contexts. Cross-Cultural Communication, 10(12), 1-10.
Goodman, L. A., (1970). The multivariate analysis of qualitative data: Interactions among multiple classifications. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 65(329), 226-256.
Holland, C., & Hill, R. (2007). The effect of age, gender and driver status on pedestrians’ intentions to cross the road in risky situations. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 39, 224-237.
International Transport Forum. (2012). Pedestrian safety, urban space and health. OECD Publishing. doi: 10.1787/9789282103654-en
Kendall, M. G., & Stuart, A. (1961). The advanced theory of statistics Vol 2 inference and relationship. London: Charles Griffin and Company Limited.
Kullback, S. (1967). Information theory and statistics. New York: Dover Publications.
Kupperman, M. (1959). A rapid significance test for contingency tables. Biometrics, 15(4), 625-628.
Lebart, L., Morineau A., & Warwick, K. M. (1984). Multivariate descriptive statistical analysis: Correspondence analysis and related techniques for large matrices. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Lehmann, E. L. (1959). Testing statistical hypotheses. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Lindeman, R. H., Merenda, P. F., & Gold, R. Z. (1980). Introduction to bivariate and multivariate analysis. Scott, Foresman, Glenview, IL.
Lindquist, E. F. (1931). The significance of a difference between “matched” groups. Journal of Educational Psychology, 22, 197-204.
Luce, R. D., & Galanter, E. (1963). Discrimination. In R. D. Luce, R. R. Bush, & E. Galanter (Eds.), Handbook of mathematical psychology (Vol.1, pp.191-244). New York and London: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
McCullagh, P., & Nelder, J. A. (1989). Generalised linear model. London: Chapman & Hall.
Masson, M. (1980). Méthodologies générales de traitement statistique de l’information de masse. Paris: CEDIC/Fernand Nathan
Maurin, M. (2001). An entropy decomposition related to law’s mixture, Bayesian inference and maximum entropy methods in science and engineering (Vol.568, pp.132-138). 20th annual workshop, Gif-sur-Yvette, France, 2000, AIP conference Proceedings.
Maurin, M. (2004). Des tests de comparaisons de dépendance dans des cubes de contingence. Journées de Statistique, SFdS, 23(XXXVI).
Maurin, M. (2011) Un mesurage pour les nombres recueillis sur [0, 1] avec un curseur, au cours d’une présentation par couple de stimuli. Mathématiques et Sciences Humaines/Mathematics and Social Sciences, 196(4), 41-61.
Maurin, M., & Wang, X. (2011). Constructing meaningful numerical response when evaluating (dis)comfort perception in an univariate case. Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science. doi:10.1080/1463922X.2011.611263
Michell, J. (1990). An introduction to the logic of psychological measurement. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Moscovici, S. (1961/76). La psychanalyse, son image et son public (2nd ed.). Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
Mosteller, F. (1964). Samuel S. Wilks: Statesman of statistics. The American Statistician, 18(2), 11-17.
Nelder, J. A., & Wedderburn, R. W. M. (1972). Generalized linear models. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A, 135, 370-384.
Nzobounsana, V., & Gaymard, S. (2010). Les analyses canoniques simple et généralisée linéaires: Application à des données psychosociales. Mathématiques et Sciences Humaines/Mathematics and Social Sciences, 189(1), 69-101. doi:10.4000/msh.11653
Pearson, E. S., & Wilks, S. S. (1933). Methods of statistical analysis appropriate for k samples of two variables. Biometrika, 25(3/4), 353-378.
Roberts, F. S. (1979). Measurement theory, with applications to decision making, utility and the social sciences. Boston: Addison-Wesley.
Sheppard, R. N. (1962). Analysis of proximities: Multidimensional scaling with an unknown distance function. Psychometrika, 27, 125-140.
Suppes, P., & Zinnes J. L. (1963). Basic measurement theory. In R. D. Luce, R. R. Bush, & E. Galanter (Eds.), Handbook of mathematical psychology (Vol.1, pp.1-76). New York and London: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Stephan, F. F., Tukey, J. W., Mosteller, F., Mood, A. M., Hansen, M. H., Simon, L. E., & Dixon, W. J. (1965). Samuel S. Wilks. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 60, 312, 939-966.
Tom, A., Auberlet, J. M., & Brémond, R. (2008). Approche psychologique de l’activité de traversée de piétons. Implications pour la simulation microscopique du trafic urbain. Recherche Transports Sécurité, 101, 265-279.
Tsoukalas, I. (2006). A method for studying social representations. Quality and Quantity, 40, 959-981.
Underwood, N., Ngai, A., & Underwood, J. (2013). Driving experience and situation awareness in hazard detection. Safety Science, 56, 29-35.
Underwood, G., Phelps, N., Wright, C., Loon, E. V., & Galpin A. (2005). Eye fixation scanpaths of younger and older drivers in a hazard perception task. Ophthalmic Physiological Optic, 25, 346-356.
Vergès, P. (2001). L’analyse des représentations sociales par questionnaires. Revue Française de Sociologie, 42, 537-561.
Wagner, W. (1996). Queries about social representation and construction. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 26, 95-120.
Wagner, W., Farr, R., Jovchelovitch, S., Lorenzi-Cioldi, F., Marková, I., Duveen, G., & Rose, D. (1999). Theory and method of social representations [online]. London: LSE Research Online. Retrieved from http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/2640
Wilks, S. S. (1932). Certain generalizations in the analysis of variance. Biometrika, 24, 471-494.
Wilks, S. S. (1938). The large sample distribution of the likelihood ratio for testing composite hypothesis. Annals of Mathematical Statistics, 9(1), 60-62.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3968/%25x
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2017 Sandrine Gaymard, Michel MAURIN
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Share us to: 
Reminder
- How to do online submission to another Journal?
- If you have already registered in Journal A, then how can you submit another article to Journal B? It takes two steps to make it happen:
1. Register yourself in Journal B as an Author
- Find the journal you want to submit to in CATEGORIES, click on “VIEW JOURNAL”, “Online Submissions”, “GO TO LOGIN” and “Edit My Profile”. Check “Author” on the “Edit Profile” page, then “Save”.
2. Submission
Online Submission: http://cscanada.org/index.php/ccc/submission/wizard
- Go to “User Home”, and click on “Author” under the name of Journal B. You may start a New Submission by clicking on “CLICK HERE”.
- We only use four mailboxes as follows to deal with issues about paper acceptance, payment and submission of electronic versions of our journals to databases: caooc@hotmail.com; office@cscanada.net; ccc@cscanada.net; ccc@cscanada.org
Articles published in Cross-Cultural Communication are licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY).
CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION Editorial Office
Address: 1055 Rue Lucien-L'Allier, Unit #772, Montreal, QC H3G 3C4, Canada.
Telephone: 1-514-558 6138
Website: Http://www.cscanada.net; Http://www.cscanada.org
E-mail:caooc@hotmail.com; office@cscanada.net
Copyright © Canadian Academy of Oriental and Occidental Culture 
