Gender Role Behaviors Differences Between Verbal Adolescents’ Males and Females With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Abstract
The current study aimed to study differences between verbal males and females with autism spectrum disorder in gender-specific role behaviors. The study consisted of 76 verbal adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (50 males and 26 females). A scale of awareness of gender role behaviors was built and its validity and reliability were verified and proven. The results indicated that females showed more awareness and knowledge of behaviors related to gender roles compared to males. The study recommended using larger samples and non-verbal persons, as well as including children.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Edwards, H., Wright, S., Sargeant, C., Cortese, S., & Wood-Downie, H. (2024). Research Review: A systematic review and meta-analysis of sex differences in narrow constructs of restricted and repetitive behaviours and interests in autistic children, adolescents, and adults Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 65(1), 4-17 https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13855
El-Zraigat, I. (2016) Autism: Behavior, diagnosis, and treatment. Dar Wael.
El-Zraigat, I. (2020) Effective interventions with autism spectrum disorder (ASD): Evidence-based clinical practices. Dar AlFiker.
George, R., & Stokes, M. A. (2018). Gender identity and sexual orientation in autism spectrum disorder Autism, 22(8), 970-982 https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361317714587
Hervás, A. (2022). Género femenino y autismo: infra detección y mis diagnósticos [Female gender and autism: under detection and my diagnoses] Medicina, 82(Suppl 1), 37-42.
Keski-Rahkonen, A., & Ruusunen, A. (2023). Avoidant-restrictive food intake disorder and autism: epidemiology, etiology, complications, treatment, and outcome Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 36(6), 438-442 https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0000000000000896
Lai, M. C., & Szatmari, P. (2020). Sex and gender impacts on the behavioural presentation and recognition of autism Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 33(2), 117-123 https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0000000000000575
Lai, M. C., Lombardo, M. V., Auyeung, B., Chakrabarti, B., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2015). Sex/gender differences and autism: setting the scene for future research Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 54(1), 11-24 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2014.10.003
Manjra, I. I., & Masic, U. (2022). Gender diversity and autism spectrum conditions in children and adolescents: A narrative review of the methodologies used by quantitative studies Journal of Clinical Psychology, 78(4), 485-502 https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.23249
Martinez, M., Osornio, A., Halim, M., & Zosuls, K. (2020). Gender: Awareness, identity, and stereotyping. In J. B. Benson (Ed.), Encyclopedia of infant and early childhood development (2nd ed., pp. 1-12). Elsevier.
McQuaid, G. A., Lee, N. R., & Wallace, G. L. (2022). Camouflaging in autism spectrum disorder: Examining the roles of sex, gender identity, and diagnostic timing Autism, 26(2), 552-559 https://doi.org/10.1177/13623613211042131
Planned Parenthood Federation of America. (2025) What are gender roles and stereotypes? https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/gender-identity/sex-gender-identity/what-are-gender-roles-and-stereotypes
Rippon, G. (2024). Differently different?: A commentary on the emerging social cognitive neuroscience of female autism Biology of Sex Differences, 15(1), 49 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13293-024-00621-3
Rynkiewicz, A., et al. (2016). An investigation of the ‘female camouflage effect’ in autism using a computerized ADOS-2 and a test of sex/gender differences Molecular Autism, 7, 10 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13229-016-0073-0
Van Wijngaarden-Cremers, P. J., et al. (2014). Gender and age differences in the core triad of impairments in autism spectrum disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(3), 627-635 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-013-1913-9
Wood-Downie, H., et al. (2021). Sex/Gender Differences in Camouflaging in Children and Adolescents with Autism Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 51(4), 1353-1364 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-020-04615-z
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3968/13727
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2025 Cross-Cultural Communication

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Remind
We are currently accepting submissions via email only.
The registration and online submission functions have been disabled.
Please send your manuscripts to ccc@cscanada.net,or ccc@cscanada.org for consideration. We look forward to receiving your work.
Articles published in Cross-Cultural Communication are licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY).
CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION Editorial Office
Address: 1055 Rue Lucien-L'Allier, Unit #772, Montreal, QC H3G 3C4, Canada.
Telephone: 1-514-558 6138
Website: Http://www.cscanada.net; Http://www.cscanada.org
E-mail:caooc@hotmail.com; office@cscanada.net
Copyright © Canadian Academy of Oriental and Occidental Culture