A Critical Analysis of the Relationship Between Climate Change, Land Disputes, and the Patterns of Farmers/Herdsmen’s Conflicts in Nigeria

Olalekan Waheed Adigun

Abstract


Relying on the Nigeria Watch database and newspaper reports from August 2014 to April 2018, this study analyses the root causes, patterns, and politicisation of the farmers/herdsmen conflicts in Nigeria. This study critically examines the relationship between climate change, land disputes, and the patterns of farmers/ herdsmen conflicts in Nigeria.
Scholars’ attempts to examine the relationship between environmental (in)sustainability and violent conflicts have been largely inconclusive. The recent conflicts between farmers and herdsmen may have taken a different pattern, especially in the North-Central region of Nigeria. Many people have attributed the increase in the conflicts between the two communities (farmers and herdsmen) to several non-environmental factors. The study adopts longitudinal research methods to unearth the connections between climate change, land disputes, and the patterns of the conflicts. It, however, looks at the conflict(s) as a product of environmental influences but escalated by the “vested interests” benefiting from the continued conflicts in the region.


Keywords


Climate change; Conflicts; Farmers; Herdsmen; Land disputes; Political ecology

Full Text:

PDF

References


Adams, M., & Bradbury, M. (1995). Conflict and development: organisational adaptation in conflict situations. Oxfam Discussion Paper No.4. Oxford: Oxfam (UK and Ireland).

Adisa, R. S. (2012). Land use conflict between farmers and herdsmen- implications for agricultural and rural development in Nigeria. Rural Development – Contemporary Issues and Practices, (pp.99-118). Available on: http://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/34416/InTech-Land_use_conflict_between_farmers_and_herdsmen_implications_for_agricultural_and_rural_development_in_nigeria.pdf

Agbakwuru, J., & Erunke, J. (2018, January 7). Don’t politicize herdsmen killings, Osinbajo warns Nigerians The Vanguard accessed on https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/01/dont-politicize-herdsmen-killings-osinbajo-warns-nigerians/

Agbakwuru, J. (2018, April 1). Presidency cautions leaders against inciting comments The Vanguard Accessed on https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/04/danjuma-killer-herdsmen-military-presidency-cautions-leaders-inciting-comments/

Ahmed-Gamgum, W. A. (2018). Herdsmen and farmers conflict in Nigeria: Another dimension of insecurity. Journal of Public Administration and Social Welfare Research, 3(1), 35-62.

Allison, I., Bindoff, N. L. Bindschadler, R. A., Cox, P. M., et al. (2009). The Copenhagen diagnosis, 2009: updating the World on the Latest Climate Science. Sydney, Australia: The University of the New South Wales Climate Change Research Centre.

Aluko, M. A. O. (2006a). Social organisations. In K. Ogunbameru and W. R. Rotimi (Eds), Man and his social environment (pp.87-100). (Ibadan: Spectrum Books).

Aluko, M. A. O. (2006b) The environment, ecosystem and social life. K. A. Ogunbameru & W. R. Rotimi (Eds), Man and his social environment (pp.298-315) (Ibadan: Spectrum Books).

Awogbade, M. (1987). Grazing reserves in Nigeria. Nomadic Peoples, 23(1), 19-30.

Baidoo, I. (2014). Farmer-herder conflicts: a case study of Fulani herdsmen and farmers in the Agogo traditional area of the Ashanti region MA Thesis, University of Ghana.

Bassett, T. J. (1986). Fulani herd movements. The Geographical Review, 76(3), 233-248.

Bello, A. U. (2013). Herdsmen and farmers conflicts in north-eastern Nigeria: causes, repercussions and resolutions. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 2(5), 128-139. Doi:10.5901/ajis.2012.v2n5p129.

Bennett, O. (Ed.) (1991). Greenwar: environment and conflict. Budapest, London, Paris, Washington, DC: Panos Institute.

Breusers, M., Nederlof, S., & van Rheenen, T. (1998). Conflict or symbiosis? disentangling farmer herdsman relations: The Mossi and Fulbe of the central plateau, Burkina Faso. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 36(3), 357-380.

Cabot, C. (2017). Climate change, security risks and conflict reduction in Africa: a case study of farmer-herder conflicts over natural resources in Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana and Burkina Faso 1960–2000. Hexagon Series on Human and Environmental Security and Peace 12, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-29237-8_2.

Carr, M., Brash, K., & Anderson, R. F. (2010). Climate change: addressing major sceptic arguments. DB Climate Change Advisors, Deutsche Bank Group, September. Available at: http://www.climateaccess.org/sites/default/files/Carr_Addressing%20Skeptic%20Arg uments.pdf. (Accessed: Dec. 10, 2014).

Cattaneo, C., & Massetti, E. (2015). Migration and climate change in rural Africa. In Carraro, C. (Ed.), Climate Change and Sustainable Development. Georgia: Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei (FEEM).

Clement, F. E., & Shelford, E. (1939). Bio-ecology. New York: John Wesley and Sons.

Cohen, M. (2009). Urbanization and conflict: trends, impacts, and challenges for development assistance. International Affairs Working Paper, New School, December Retrieved from https://milanoschool.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Cohen_2009-09.pdf on 16 April 2018

Conroy, S. (2014). Land conflicts and lethal violence in Nigeria: Patterns, mapping, and evolution (2006-2014). Working Paper, No. 38. Ibadan: French Institute for Research in Africa. Available online http://www.ifra-nigeria.org/IMG/pdf/land-conflict-lethal violence-nigeria.pdf

Dafinger, A., & Pelican, M. (2006). Sharing or dividing the land? land rights and farmer-herder relations in Burkina Faso and North West Cameroon. Canadian Journal of African Studies, 40(1), 121-151.

de Soysa, I. (2002). Ecoviolence: shrinking pie, or honey pot? Global Environmental Politics, 2(4), 1-34.

Diethelm, P. A., & Mckee, M. (2009). Denialism: What is it and how should scientists respond?. European Journal of Public Health, 9(1), 2-4.

Dokos, T. (Ed.) (2008). Climate change: addressing the impact on human security. Hellenic Foundation for European and Foreign Policy (ELIAMEP) and Hellenic Ministry of Foreign Affairs. May.

Dougherty, J. E., & Pfaltzgraff, R. L. (1996). Contending theories of international relations: A comprehensive survey. New York, Longman.

Fayinka, F. A. (2004). Food security in Nigeria: Challenges under democratic dispensation. Paper Presented at 9th ARMTI Annual Lecture, March 24, 2004.

Gleditsch, N. P., & Urdal, H. (2002). Ecoviolence? Links between population growth, environmental scarcity and violent conflict in Thomas Homer-Dixon’s work. Journal of International Affairs, 56 (1), 283–302.

Homer-Dixon, T. F. (1999). Environment, scarcity and violence. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Hussein, K., Sumberg, J., & Seddon, D. (1999). Increasing violent conflict between herders and farmers in Africa: Claims and evidence. Development Policy Review, 17(1), 397–418.

Ichite, C. (2015). Land conflicts, population pressure and lethal violence in the Niger Delta (Akwa Ibom, Rivers, Bayelsa, Delta) 2006-2014. Working Paper, No. 48, Ibadan: French Institute for Research in Africa. Available online http://www.ifra-nigeria.org/IMG/pdf/land-conicts-population-violence-delta.pdf

Integrated Regional Information Network (2009). Nigeria: curbing farmer-nomad clashes and protecting livestock routes. A publication of the Integrated Regional Information Networks (IRIN) United Nationals. Available at http://www.preventionweb.net/english/professional/news/v.phd

Integrated Regional Information Network (2017). Climate change? What climate change? Nigerian farmers not being reached on awareness. Accessed on www.irinnews.org/feature/2017/07/05/climate-change-what-climate-change-nigerian-farmers-not-being-reached-awareness?utm_source=IRIN+-+the+inside+story+on+emergencies&utm_campaign=9054dce6e4-RSS_EMAIL_ENGLISH_ALL&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_d842d98289-9054dce6e4-15757289

International Crisis Group (2017). Herders against farmers: Nigeria’s expanding deadly conflict. Available online https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/west-africa/nigeria/252-herders-against-farmers-nigerias-expanding-deadly-conflict

IPCC, Working Group II (2007). Glossary of Terms. IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: Climate Change 2007. Working Group II: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/annexessglossary-a-d.html. Accessed, August, 2014.

Isiugo, P. N., & Obioha, E. E. (2015). Understanding theoretical underpinning of wildlife resource based conflict in Oban Hills, Nigeria. Kamla-Raj Journal of Human Ecology, 49 (1-2), 153-161.

Kaplan, R. D. (1994). The coming anarchy. The Atlantic Monthly, 2(2), 44–76.

Lenshie, N. E. (2014). ‘Ties that bind and differences that divide’: exploring the resurgence of ethno-cultural identity in Nigeria. Africa Development, 39(2), 153-212.

McIntyre, S., & McKitrick, R. (2003). Corrections to the Mann et al. (1998) proxy data base and northern hemispheric average temperature series. Energy and Environment, 14 (6), 751-771.

Nigeria Watch (2016). Fifth report on violence in Nigeria 2015. Ibadan: Nigeria Stability and Reconciliation Programme.

Nigeria Watch (2017). Sixth report on violence in Nigeria 2016. Ibadan: Nigeria Stability and Reconciliation Programme

Nwaiwu, C. (2018, April 20). FG trivialising killings by herdsmen —Christian Council. The Vanguard Accessed on https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/04/fg-trivialising-killings-herdsmen-christian-council/

Nweze, N. J. (2005). Minimizing farmer-herder conflicts in Fadama Areas through local development plans: implications for increased crop/livestock productivity in Nigeria. Paper presented at the 30th Annual Conference of the Nigerian Society for Animal Production, held 20th – 24th March.

Nzeadibe, T. C., Egbule, C. L., Chukwuone, N. A., & Agu, V. C. (2011). Climate Change Awareness and Adaptation in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria. Working Paper Series | No. 57. Nairobi: African Technology Policy Studies Network.

Odjugo, P. A. O. (2013). Analysis of climate change awareness in Nigeria. Scientific Research and Essays, 8(26), 1203-1211.

Odoh, S. I., & Chidozie, F. C. (2012). Climate change and conflict in Nigeria: a theoretical and empirical examination of the worsening incidence of conflict between Fulani herdsmen and farmers in northern Nigeria. Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review, 2(1), 110-124.

Odunsi, W. (2018, March 19). Climate change: 140 million people to migrate within Nigeria, others – World Bank alerts Daily Post Retrieved from http://dailypost.ng/2018/03/19/climate-change-140-million-people-migrate-within-nigeria-others-world-bank-alerts/

Ojetunde, D. (2017, November 2). How climate change is fueling conflicts in Nigeria International Centre for Investigative Reporting Retrieved from https://www.icirnigeria.org/how-climate-change-is-fueling-conflicts-in-nigeria/

Okoli, A. C. (2013). The political ecology of the Niger Delta crisis and the prospect of lasting peace in the post-amnesty period. Global Journal of Human Social Science, 13(3), 37-46.

Okoli, A. C. & Atelhe, A. G. (2014). Nomads against natives: A political ecology of herder/farmer conflicts in Nasarawa state, Nigeria. American International Journal of Contemporary Research, 4(2), 76-88.

Olayoku, P. A. (2016). Trends and patterns of cattle grazing and rural violence in Nigeria (2006-2014). M. P. Montclos (Ed.), Violence in Nigeria: A qualitative and quantitative analysis (pp.61-75). Ibadan: French Institute for Research in Africa.

Paul, S., Onwuegbuchulam, C., & Mtshali, K. (2017). To be or not to be? a theoretical investigation into the crisis of national identity in Nigeria. Africa Today, 64(1), 75-97.

Peet, R., & Watts, M. J. (Eds.) (1996). Liberation ecologies: environment, development and social movement. Routledge.

Pelissier, P. (1977). Competition and the integration of agriculture and cattle raising in Sahelian and Soudano-Sahelian Africa. In G. H. Cannell (Ed.), Proceedings of an international symposium on rainfed agriculture in semiarid regions. Riverside: University of California

Percival, V., & Homer-Dixon, T. (1998). Environmental scarcity and violent conflict: the case of South Africa. Journal of Peace Research, 35 (3), 279-298.

RealClimate (2005). What if…the “Hockey Stick” were wrong?. January, 27. Available at: http://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2005/01/what-if-the-hockey-stick- were-wrong/ (Accessed 20 May, 2015).

Silent killings of herdsmen ongoing in Adamawa, Fulani group alleges (2018, January 3) The Vanguard Accessed on https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/01/silent-killings-herdsmen-ongoing-adamawa-fulani-group-alleges/

Toulmin, C. (1983). Herders and farmers or farmer-herders and herder-farmers. Pastoral Development Network Paper 15d. London: ODI, January.




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3968/10967

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2019 Canadian Social Science

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Reminder

  • How to do online submission to another Journal?
  • If you have already registered in Journal A, then how can you submit another article to Journal B? It takes two steps to make it happen:

1. Register yourself in Journal B as an Author

  • Find the journal you want to submit to in CATEGORIES, click on “VIEW JOURNAL”, “Online Submissions”, “GO TO LOGIN” and “Edit My Profile”. Check “Author” on the “Edit Profile” page, then “Save”.

2. Submission

Online Submissionhttp://cscanada.org/index.php/css/submission/wizard

  • Go to “User Home”, and click on “Author” under the name of Journal B. You may start a New Submission by clicking on “CLICK HERE”.
  • We only use four mailboxes as follows to deal with issues about paper acceptance, payment and submission of electronic versions of our journals to databases: caooc@hotmail.com; office@cscanada.net; ccc@cscanada.net; ccc@cscanada.org

 Articles published in Canadian Social Science are licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY).

 

Canadian Social Science Editorial Office

Address: 1020 Bouvier Street, Suite 400, Quebec City, Quebec, G2K 0K9, Canada.
Telephone: 1-514-558 6138 
Website: Http://www.cscanada.net; Http://www.cscanada.org 
E-mail:caooc@hotmail.com; office@cscanada.net

Copyright © Canadian Academy of Oriental and Occidental Culture